Neuroendocrine Tumor
Rare CancerCategory: 多臓器ICD-10: C7A
Overview
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise from neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, most commonly in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and lungs. They are classified by WHO as NET G1/G2/G3 and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). Incidence has been rising due to improved diagnostic techniques.
Symptoms
Functional tumors cause hormone-related symptoms such as carcinoid syndrome (flushing, diarrhea, wheezing). Non-functional tumors are often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally.
Diagnosis
Chromogranin A and NSE are measured as serum biomarkers. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and Ga-68 DOTATOC PET/CT are highly sensitive for tumor detection. Biopsy with Ki-67 index determines tumor grade.
Treatments
Surgical resection is the primary treatment for localized disease. Unresectable well-differentiated NETs are managed with somatostatin analogs (octreotide LAR) and everolimus. Poorly differentiated NEC is treated with cisplatin plus etoposide chemotherapy.
Latest Research & Approaches
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with Lu-177 DOTATATE has shown significant efficacy in somatostatin receptor-positive NETs. Novel agents like surufatinib are also under development.
Sources & References
NCI - Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors Treatment
NET Research Foundation
NCCN Guidelines: Neuroendocrine and Adrenal Tumors
NET Research Foundation
NCCN Guidelines: Neuroendocrine and Adrenal Tumors