Esophageal Cancer
Category: 消化器ICD-10: C15
Overview
Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor of the esophagus. There are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma (associated with alcohol and tobacco) and adenocarcinoma (associated with Barrett's esophagus and obesity).
Symptoms
Early stages are often asymptomatic. Advanced disease causes progressive dysphagia, weight loss, chest pain, and odynophagia.
Diagnosis
Upper endoscopy with biopsy is the primary diagnostic method. Chromoendoscopy and narrow-band imaging (NBI) improve early detection. CT and PET-CT are used for staging.
Treatments
Early tumors may be treated endoscopically. Locally advanced disease is treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery, or definitive chemoradiation. Advanced cases receive chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
Latest Research & Approaches
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) have been approved in both adjuvant and advanced settings, significantly improving outcomes.
Sources & References
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
American Cancer Society
American Cancer Society