Bladder Cancer
Category: 泌尿器ICD-10: C67
Overview
Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the urothelium of the bladder. Smoking is the greatest risk factor, and occupational exposure to certain chemicals also contributes. It is more common in men.
Symptoms
Painless gross hematuria is the most common initial symptom. Advanced disease may cause urinary frequency, dysuria, and pelvic pain.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves urine cytology, cystoscopy, and transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) for histological confirmation and initial treatment.
Treatments
Non-muscle-invasive disease is managed with TURBT and intravesical BCG therapy. Muscle-invasive disease requires radical cystectomy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Metastatic disease is treated with chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and antibody-drug conjugates.
Latest Research & Approaches
Enfortumab vedotin (ADC) combined with pembrolizumab has shown significant efficacy. FGFR inhibitors (erdafitinib) are approved for FGFR-altered advanced bladder cancer.
Sources & References
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
American Cancer Society
American Cancer Society