Kidney Cancer
Category: 泌尿器ICD-10: C64
Overview
Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) is a malignant tumor arising from the renal tubular epithelium. Risk factors include obesity, smoking, and hypertension. Incidental detection through imaging has increased with widespread health screening.
Symptoms
Early stages are often asymptomatic. Advanced disease may cause hematuria, flank mass, flank pain, and paraneoplastic syndromes.
Diagnosis
Contrast-enhanced CT is the primary diagnostic modality. MRI provides additional characterization. Biopsy is occasionally needed for small or indeterminate lesions.
Treatments
Localized disease is treated with partial or radical nephrectomy. Metastatic disease is treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) or dual immunotherapy.
Latest Research & Approaches
Combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors with TKIs have become standard for advanced disease. Adjuvant immunotherapy and novel combination strategies are under investigation.
Sources & References
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
American Cancer Society
American Cancer Society